2020托福听力背景知识学习
托福听力备考中如果大家能了解一些各类学科的背景知识,对于托福听力提升的帮助也很大。下面小编就和大家分享托福听力背景知识学习,来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力背景知识学习关于植物学你了解多少
托福听力背景知识学习之 植物结构
和其他话题一样,考生对于植物学的了解并不需要多么专业,但专家提醒各位考生,至少要了解一些和植物相关的基本词汇才能理解文章所要表达的内容。以一棵树为例,其组成部分主要包括了树干(trunk)、树皮(bark)、根(root)、树枝(branch/bough)、细枝(twig)、嫩芽,幼苗(shoot)、树叶(leaves)、叶柄(stalk)等。植物的花(flower)包括了花苞(bud)、花瓣(petal)、花蜜(nectar)、花粉(pollen)、雌蕊(pistil)、雄蕊(stamen)等。植物的果实(fruit)包括了果皮(peel)、果肉(flesh)、种子(seed)等,有的种子外部会包裹坚硬的壳(shell),以保护种子不受伤害。
托福听力背景知识学习之 植物的光和作用(photosynthesis)
不论对于植物还是人类乃至整个地球来说,光和作用都是非常重要的过程。简单来说,光和作用就是绿色植物利用光能将其所吸收的二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)和水转化为有机物(organics),并释放出氧气(oxygen)的过程。存在于叶子中的叶绿素(chlorophyll)和一些酶(enzyme)在光合作用中起到了举足轻重的作用。在这个过程中,植物为人类消耗了我们生产、生活中所排放的二氧化碳气体,也就是通常意义上的温室气体(greenhouse gas)。植物释放的氧气是人类生存必不可少的。同时,植物生产储存的有机物又为动物提供能量来源,因此植物被称为食物链(food chain)的生产者。
托福听力背景知识学习之 植物的用途
除了作为果腹的食物,植物有许多其他的重要用途。许多药物成分的提取主要是来自于植物,比如阿司匹林(asprin)的成分就源自于柳树皮(bark of willow trees);像吗啡(morphine)这类麻醉止痛剂(narcotic analgesics)则是从罂粟(opium poppy)中提取的。我们常常用来提神的咖啡(coffee)、巧克力(chocolate)、烟草(tobacco)和茶(tea)也是从植物中得来的。通过发酵(ferment)如大麦(barley)、米(rice)和葡萄(grape)这些植物,我们还能得到不同口味的美酒。
生活中,植物能为我们提供棉(cotton)、麻(hemp)等织物(fabrics),丝绸(silk)的生产也离不开桑树(mulberry tree)的存在。有的植物还能做成绳锁(rope),制作橡胶(rubber),为人类生活带来便利。
作为一种方便易得的有机体,植物可以用来做各种研究基本生命过程(life process)的实验,比如细胞的分裂(cell division),蛋白质的合成(protein synthesis)等。而这些研究并不需要背负动物实验或人体实验的伦理包袱。奥地利的门德尔(Gregor Mendel)通过研究豌豆形状而得出了遗传的基本原理(genetic laws of inheritance)。
托福听力背景知识学习之 考题体现
在各种托福考试的参考书中都出现过关于植物学的考题,如官方真题Official中有一篇讲nightcap oak的文章,从整体上介绍了这种特殊植物的生长繁殖特点。比较有特色的是Delta中出现了介绍两种植物的生长激素(hormone):乙烯(ethylene)和植物生长素(auxin)。话题的切入点很小,中心名词也非常陌生,但只要能根据所描述解释的内容和实例,不难理解文章所要表达的主旨,考生甚至能把实际生活与之联系。
托福听力备考既要提升听力能力也要扩充一些学科相关的背景知识,因为听力背景知识可以帮助大家了解相关学科知识,提升对材料的理解力,有利于大家把握材料重点,做对题目。
托福听力练习对照文本
There's an art exhibition here on campus which ties in well with the discussions we're had about folk art.
校园这儿有一个艺术展览同我们讨论过的民间艺术结合的很好。
It's an exhibition of wildlife art calendars from about a hundred years ago.
这是来自大约一百年前的野生生物的艺术日历的一个展览。
Like most other folk art, the calendar pictures were not considered to be art in their own day.
像大多数其他民间艺术一样,日历的图画在他们自己的时代并没有被认为是艺术。
People just thought of them as a way of decorating a practical object.
人们仅仅把它们当做装饰一个实际的物体的方式。
In fact, the calendar pictures were originally printed as advertising for various companies that made hunting or fishing products, like guns or fishing rods.
事实上,日历图画本来是当做不同的公司制作的狩猎或钓鱼产品,比如枪或者鱼竿的广告来印刷的。
The calendars were handed out free to customers to thank them for their business.
这些日历是免费发给顾客的,为了他们(公司)的生意来感谢他们(顾客)。
Most people just hung the calendars on their walls where the pictures faded in the sun, and then tore the picture off the calendar as each month passed.
大多数人仅仅是把日历挂在他们的墙上,在那里图画会在阳光中褪色,然后当每个月过去时,把图画从日历上撕下来。
As a result, collectors today place a lot of value on calendars that are complete and in good condition.
结果,收藏家给那些完整并且情况良好的日历估定了很多的价值。
Even though the people who used the calendars didn't regard them as art, the original paintings the prints were made from were often of good quality.
虽然使用日历的人没有认为它们是艺术,被制成印刷品的原画通常是质量很好的。
In fact, many famous wildlife painters created calendar art at some point in their lives.
事实上,许多著名的野生生物画家在他们人生中的某一时刻创造了日历艺术。
To them, it was a way of getting their work reproduced and shown around.
对他们来说,这是一个让他们的作品复制并流传的方式。
One aspect of the exhibit that I find very interesting is the way these pictures reflect changing attitudes toward wildlife.
我发现这个展览非常有趣的一个方面是这些图画反映了对野生生物的态度的变化。
The pictures in the exhibit often portray the thrill and adventure of hunting rather than any particular concern for wildlife preservation.
展览中的图画经常描绘狩猎的刺激和冒险,而不是任何对野生生物保护的特殊的关心。
But most of today's wildlife art shows animals in their natural surroundings without any humans in the scene.
但是今天的大部分的野生生物艺术展现了动物在自然环境中没有任何人类的场景。
This modern wildlife art appeals to large numbers of nature lovers, even those who oppose the practice of hunting.
这种现代野生生物艺术吸引力大量的自然爱好者,甚至那些反对有狩猎习惯的(人)。
托福听力练习对照文本
Today, I want to talk about the Cariboo gold rush of 1858, which began when gold was discovered in the frontier town of Quesnel Forks in the Canadian province of British Columbia.
今天,我想谈谈关于1858年Cariboo淘金热,它开始于黄金在加拿大英属哥伦比亚省的边境小镇Quesnel Forks被发现时。
By 1861 thousands of men had flocked to the region hoping to strike it rich.
到1861年,成千上万的人涌到这个地区,希望大发横财。
Naturally, as the town grew, supplies had to be brought in, and this was done with mules.
自然,随着镇子的成长,供应品必须被带进来,这是由骡子来做的。
Now the mules were quite reliable, but there were some drawbacks.
骡子是很可靠的,但却有些缺点。
For example, a mule carrying a heavy load could travel only 15 miles in a day, meaning that a typical trip into Quesnel could take as long as 20 days.
比如,一头负重的骡子一天只能走15英里,(这)意味着一段到Quesnel的典型的旅程会花上长达20天。
So, as the demand for supplies continued to grow, a group of merchants and packers decided to try a new approach, believe it or not, they shipped in a herd of camels.
因此,随着对供应品的需求持续增长,一群商人和赶牲口运货的人决定尝试一种新方法,信不信由你,他们用一群骆驼运货。
I know that sounds strange, but camel trains had been used quite effectively during the California gold rush some 10 years earlier.
我知道这听起来很奇怪,但是驼队在大约10年前的California淘金热期间使用的非常有效。
But the results in the Cariboo region weren't quite the same.
但是在Cariboo地区的结果并不完全一样。
In fact it was a disaster.
事实上这是个灾难。
The camels couldn't carry the heavier loads the merchants expected them to.
骆驼不像商人希望它们那般的能够负重。
Their two-toed feet were perfect for desert travel, but they weren't suited for Cariboo's rugged mountain terrain.
它们的双趾足对于沙漠行走来说是完美的,但是它们不能适应Cariboo崎岖的山岭地区。
To make matters worse, the mules became very agitated whenever they came across a camel and that caused a lot of accidents on the treacherous mountain trails.
更糟糕的是,骡子会变得非常暴躁,不论何时他们遇见骆驼,这在危险的山道上造成了很多事故。
The mulepackers went so far as to threaten the camel owners with a lawsuit.
赶骡子送货的人甚至用诉讼威胁骆驼主人。
But the reason the merchants finally got rid of the camels is because these animals simply weren't cut out for the job.
但是商人最终放弃骆驼的原因是因为这些动物胜任不了工作而已。
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