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托福听力想上分但有拦路虎?先解决这3个疑难问题再冲25

1.关于听力发音的影响

托福听力备考考生首先要解决的就是发音方面的问题，也就是纠正发音。如果存在自己脑袋里的单词发音本来就是错误的，那你怎么能要求自己能听出正确的发音呢?当录音中读出一个正确的音，而考生还觉得是错的，或者压根听不懂听不出来，那么发音问题就很严重了。举个最简单的例子，receipt中的P是不发音的，但是很多学生仍然认为P是发音的，在这种情况下，考生又怎么能听懂文章呢?所以在托福听力备考中一定要注意词汇的发音问题。

解决方案：

跟读音频(不仅要读对，最好读的速度都跟上)，模仿音频的发音，慢慢纠正自己的发音。

2.做听力要不要记笔记

对于托福听力部分是否要记笔记的问题也让很多同学觉得很纠结。记笔记的话怕时间不够或者漏了细节，不记笔记又担心自己没法全部记住，的确很苦恼。那么如何决定做听力是否要记笔记呢?

解决方案：

首先大家要知道笔记只是一个辅助性的工具，笔记本身是没有任何意义的，甚至考试后就会被粉碎。那么到底该不该记笔记?答案是需要，但是也需要因人而异。对于大部分学生来说，在托福听力练习和考试中笔记是需要的，它帮助我们记住框架以及一些细节题，但是笔记要做好是需要时间来练习的。因此建议大家在练习中多进行练习，尽早养成边听边记的习惯。而对于少数听力已经颇有水平，记忆力也足以在没有笔记情况下确保记住听力材料所有内容的高手来说，做笔记其实并非必要。

3.虽然听懂但还是做错

也有些同学觉得自己的托福词汇量明明足够，而且似乎听懂了这题，但是一选出来答案还是出错，怎么想也想不明白。而这种看似听懂却还没做对的情况最容易出现在托福听力的imply和infer题中。

解决方案：

这类问题其实从本质上来说并非听力问题，而是考生理解方式的问题。简单来说，就是考生的思维方式还没有习惯从native speaker的角度来理解听力内容。建议大家不要根据自己的思维方式去理解外国人的思维方式。想要提升理解力，不妨多做一些托福听力中的暗示推理题，揣摩这类题的出题规律及错误选项的规律从而学会应对。

2020托福听力练习：猫比猎人更狡猾

Psychologist Saho Takagi, a graduate student at Kyoto University in Japan, strolls into one of Japan's many cat cafes. These establishments allow customers to pay an hourly fee for the chance to cuddle some cats. They're popular in Japan because so many apartment buildings forbid pet ownership. But Takagi isn't a typical customer. She's not there for feline affection, but to probe their minds.

The psychology of domestic cats is still something of a mystery, despite our overwhelming familiarity with the critters. They have many skills, she tells me through an interpreter, that are not well known even to their owners.

Takagi and her colleagues wanted to see whether domestic cats have an intuitive understanding of cause-and-effect, but to make it a fair test, they decided to let the cats use their ears instead of only their eyes. Cats are ambush hunters, and rely on their sense of hearing to locate their prey.

The cats—30 of them, mostly from cat cafes, plus a few pets—were shown a series of demonstrations. For example, a researcher would shake a box, accompanied by the sound of an object bouncing around inside. Then the cat would be allowed to see inside the container.

If the cat expects to find a ball inside the box, it would stare longer if the box turned out to be empty, rather than if the ball was there as expected. Psychologists call this a "violation of expectation" response. If they expected a ball and were surprised not to find one—or vice versa—it suggests that cats have certain expectations about the physical realities of the world.

And the cats did stare longer at those containers that violated their expectations, as if to suggest that they realized that something in the situation was amiss. The findings were published in the journal Animal Cognition.

Takagi suspects that this ability might be related to cats'hunting skills. Despite years of domestication, we initially kept them around as a form of pest control, so it makes sense that cats would have retained their knack for hunting.

Next, Takagi wants to see just how much information domestic cats can extract about objects, like quantity or size, based on what they hear. Eventually, she hopes to do similar experiments with wild cats as well, to see whether her hunting hunch is right.

日本有多家猫咪主题咖啡馆，心理学家、日本京都大学研究生高木佐保走进其中一家咖啡馆。在这些场所，顾客按小时付费，便可拥抱猫咪。这些咖啡馆在日本非常流行，因为许多公寓楼禁止养宠物。但是高木并不是一个典型的顾客。她来到这里并不是为了获得猫咪的情感，而是来调查它们的想法。

虽然我们非常熟悉小动物，但家猫的心理仍是一个未解之谜。她通过一名翻译告诉我，猫咪们有许多连它们的主人都不太清楚的技能。

高木和她的同事想了解家猫是否对因果关系有直观的理解，为了进行公平的测试，他们决定让猫咪用听觉来测试，而非仅仅靠视力。猫咪属于伏击型猎人，可以依靠听觉来定位猎物。

30只猫咪中，多数猫来自猫咪主题咖啡馆，还有几只是宠物物，这些猫进行了一系列展示。举个例子，一名研究人员晃动一个盒子，里面的一个物体发出弹来弹去的声音。然后让猫查看盒子的内部。

如果猫咪期待在盒子里找到一个球，可是盒子却是空的，那相较于如它所料找到球的情况，它盯着盒子的时间要更长。心理学家将这种反应称之为“期望悖反”。如果它们期望会有一个球，但惊奇地发现并没有球——或反之——这表明猫对物理现实世界有一定的预期。

而且，如果结果与它们的期望相反，那猫咪确实会盯着盒子更长的时间，就好像在说它们意识到了一些不正常的情况。这项研究结果发表在《动物认知》杂志上。

高木认为这种能力可能与猫的捕猎技能有关。尽管经过了多年的驯化，但是我们最初将猫咪养在身边是作为“害虫防治”的一种形式，因此猫会保留捕猎本领这个观点是有道理的。

接下来，高木想弄明白根据它们所听到的，家猫可以提取多少与物体有关的信息，这些信息包括数量或体积。最后，她希望对野生猫科动物进行类似的实验，以观察她的狩猎预感是否正确。

重点讲解：

1. instead of 代替…;而不是…;

例句：The promotion of Russell instead of Sarah really made the sparks fly.

因为提升了拉塞尔没提升萨拉，这件事竟惹起了轩然大波。

2. rely on 依赖;依靠;

例句：Don't rely on him to do anything he's just a talker.

什么事都不要依靠他--他光会说空话。

3. turn out 原来是;结果发现;

例句：Even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.

即使最好的理论都可被证明是错误的。

4. vice versa 反之亦然;反过来也一样;

例句：Energy transmutes into matter and vice versa.

能量变成物质，反之亦然。

5. stare at 凝视;盯着看;

例句：He stared at me with sharp eyes.

他用锐利的目光盯着我。

6. as if 好像;仿佛;

例句：It seems as if he knows everything.

他似乎是个万事通。

7. make sense (行为方式)有道理，合乎情理

2020托福听力练习：野生动物与猎人和徒步旅行者共存

Public lands in the U.S. are managed with two goals in mind: protecting biodiversity and providing people with recreational opportunities, a chance to connect with nature. But sometimes those two goals are at odds—especially if recreation, activities like hiking or hunting, disrupts wild animals enough to alter their use of those landscapes.

Indeed, several years ago, a study done in California found that hikers had a negative impact on wildlife.

"That kind of sounded a bit of an alarm to us as wildlife biologists and as people who like to go hiking ourselves."

Wildlife biologist Roland Kays, of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and N.C. State University.

"We were pretty worried that if this problem was as bad as it seemed from that study, and was widespread, then there could be a real conflict between outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation."

To find out, Kays and his team enlisted the help of more than 350 volunteer citizen scientists, who deployed camera traps at nearly 2,000 sites within 32 protected areas in six different states. Roughly half of the areas allowed hunting and half did not. What they discovered was something of a relief.

"We found relatively minor impacts of hunting and hiking on wildlife."

It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species, like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them.

But they did find something that had a much bigger impact on wildlife: habitat quality. The best predictor of wildlife abundance was not human activity, but factors like forest connectivity, nearby housing density, and the amount of adjacent agriculture. The results were published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.

And they suggest that outdoor recreation, a 646-billion-dollar industry in the U.S., is currently managed in a sustainable way, but also that protecting the scattered patches of wild habitat that remain in the U.S. is vital—both for wildlife and for people.

"Recreation, including hunting and hiking, and wildlife conservation, can coexist in the same place at the same time, and we can go out there and enjoy nature, enjoy the woods, hope to catch a glimpse of wildlife, without worrying about hurting the populations in the process."

美国公共土地管理有两个目标：一是保护生物多样性，二是为人们提供娱乐休闲、接近大自然的机会。不过有时这两个目标并不一致，尤其是像徒步旅行或狩猎这样的休闲活动，如果对野生动物造成破坏，足以改变他们对这些景观的使用。

事实上，几年前，加利福尼亚进行的一项研究发现，徒步旅行者会对野生动物产生负面影响。

“作为野生生物学家，作为喜欢徒步旅行的人，这就像是为我们敲响了警钟。”

罗兰·凯斯是北卡罗来纳自然科学博物馆和北卡罗来纳州州立大学的野生生物学家。

“我们非常担心，如果这一问题像研究发现的那样严重、普遍，那户外休闲活动和野生动物保护之间可能会发生真正的冲突。”

为了找到答案，凯斯和他的团队招募了350余名公民科学家志愿者，让这些志愿者在6个州的32个保护区设置相机“陷阱”近2000处。在这些地点中，约有一半地区允许狩猎，另一半则不允许。他们的发现令人松了一口气。

“我们发现狩猎和徒步旅行对野生动物的影响相对较小。”

当然这并不是说人类活动对野生动物没有任何影响。像白尾鹿、灰松鼠和浣熊等大量被捕杀的物种，在狩猎地区极少被拍摄到。土狼在狩猎地区经常出现。大多数物种没有选择回避徒步旅行的小径，捕食者实际上更喜欢它们。

但是他们的确发现了会对野生动物产生更大影响的因素：栖息地的质量。野生动物丰富的最佳预测指标并不是人类活动，而是森林的连通性、附近房屋的密度以及相邻农田的数量。这一研究结果刊登在《应用生态学期刊》上。

他们认为，作为美国价值6千4600亿美元的产业，户外休闲活动现在应以可持续的方式进行管理，另外，无论是对野生动物还是对人类而言，保护美国零散的野生栖息地是至关重要的。

“狩猎和徒步旅行等休闲活动，可以与野生动物保护在同一时间同一个地方共存，我们可以走出去，享受自然，希望能在森林里看到野生动物，而不用担心在这一过程中对它们造成伤害。”

美国公共土地管理有两个目标：一是保护生物多样性，二是为人们提供娱乐休闲、接近大自然的机会。不过有时这两个目标并不一致，尤其是像徒步旅行或狩猎这样的休闲活动，如果对野生动物造成破坏，足以改变他们对这些景观的使用。

事实上，几年前，加利福尼亚进行的一项研究发现，徒步旅行者会对野生动物产生负面影响。

“作为野生生物学家，作为喜欢徒步旅行的人，这就像是为我们敲响了警钟。”

罗兰·凯斯是北卡罗来纳自然科学博物馆和北卡罗来纳州州立大学的野生生物学家。

“我们非常担心，如果这一问题像研究发现的那样严重、普遍，那户外休闲活动和野生动物保护之间可能会发生真正的冲突。”

为了找到答案，凯斯和他的团队招募了350余名公民科学家志愿者，让这些志愿者在6个州的32个保护区设置相机“陷阱”近2000处。在这些地点中，约有一半地区允许狩猎，另一半则不允许。他们的发现令人松了一口气。

“我们发现狩猎和徒步旅行对野生动物的影响相对较小。”

当然这并不是说人类活动对野生动物没有任何影响。像白尾鹿、灰松鼠和浣熊等大量被捕杀的物种，在狩猎地区极少被拍摄到。土狼在狩猎地区经常出现。大多数物种没有选择回避徒步旅行的小径，捕食者实际上更喜欢它们。

但是他们的确发现了会对野生动物产生更大影响的因素：栖息地的质量。野生动物丰富的最佳预测指标并不是人类活动，而是森林的连通性、附近房屋的密度以及相邻农田的数量。这一研究结果刊登在《应用生态学期刊》上。

他们认为，作为美国价值6千4600亿美元的产业，户外休闲活动现在应以可持续的方式进行管理，另外，无论是对野生动物还是对人类而言，保护美国零散的野生栖息地是至关重要的。

“狩猎和徒步旅行等休闲活动，可以与野生动物保护在同一时间同一个地方共存，我们可以走出去，享受自然，希望能在森林里看到野生动物，而不用担心在这一过程中对它们造成伤害。”

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