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如何在雅思写作中巧用各种句式获得高分

同学们不难从官网上找到评分的四项要求，其中有一项“Grammatical Range and Accuracy”，是同学们觉得比较难提高的。这一项对于满分的要求有一条的是“Uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy.” 这一条要求的精髓就在于“wide range of structures”，也就是说同学们要能够在写作中体现出能运用各种句式结构的能力，包括简单句、各类从句、分词短语、并列句等等。

然而，同学们在写图表作文的时候最常碰见的困扰之一就是觉得句型太过单一、单调。但是只要同学们按照评分标准有意识的去进行句式的变化，避免句式的重复其实一点也不是难于上青天的事情。

避免句式重复的第一个方式就是运用英语的各种句式结构。所谓的英语的句式结构，在写作中其实只有很有限的四个：简单句，并列句，复合句和复杂句。小作文中常用的除了简单句和并列句之外，复合句是同学们需要掌握的重点。

1 固定宾语从句

仔细研究剑桥系列考官的范文，不难发现，小作文中常用的复合句其实就是宾语从句，定语从句和状语从句。

e.g. 举个栗子，在《剑8》的Test 2考官范文中的第一句话：

The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years: 1981, 1991 and 2001.

还有《剑7》的Test 2范文中的最后一段：

the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity...

《剑7》的Test 4的最后一段：

it is clear that...

大家不难发现，宾语从句常用在开头，结尾或者两段过渡句的写作中。

2 翻新定语从句

定语从句是同学们复合句中用的最普遍的，也是最容易掌握的句式。但如果想要满足对于定语从句的出彩使用，同学们可以参考《剑9》的Test 2范文中第四段的最后一句话：

e.g.《剑9》Test 2 This rise was particularly noticeable between 1990 and 2000, during which time the use of mobile phones tripled.

这里考官并没有用“常规”的which引导的定语从句，而是使用了“介词+关系词”的方式，使得句子变得高大上了许多。类似的用法在《剑5》的Test 1中最后一段话也有出现。

可以看出比较容易操作的方式是在句子后出现时间的时候，使用during which或者by which这样的结构，可以将具体图表变化的趋势写出来，或者可以直接使用关系副词中指代时间的when。

e.g.《剑8》Test 2 This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget.

3 巧用状语从句

e.g.《剑7》Test 2 Although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.

这里用了让步状语从句来表示位置最低的线，那我们不难得出结论：在动态图中，表述最大的数值或者最高的柱，其实都可以使用让步状语从句。

比如这样一个句子Courses made up the largest proportion in factors that influenced students’ choice and its percentage decreased from 40% to 34%.

如果我们使用让步状语从句，就可以变成了：Although Courses made up the largest..., its percentage still decreased...这样，并列句就可以很好的转化成状语从句了。

e.g.《剑6》Test 3 This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself.

时间状语从句是流程图中常用的句式，还有常用的连接词为while, since, when, after和before。

e.g.《剑5》Test 1While the figures for the Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2.5% for much of this period.

4 合并并列句

在小作文的写作中，中国学生最常用到的除了简单句就是由and或者but, then引导的并列句。那么避免过多并列句重复的一个很好的方式就是使用非谓语动词，即：分词做状语或者独立主格。

《剑7》Test 2中，对于鸡肉这条线的描述，同学们都会描述为：鸡肉的消耗量显示出一个上升的趋势，并且在1980年超过羊肉，在1989年超过了牛肉。大部分同学第一反应的句子都是：The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend and it overtook lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989.

在这个句子中，and连接了两个并列的简单句，但两个简单句的主语是一样的，这个时候同学们就要想到分词作状语，省略其中的一个主语，这个被省略的主语和它的动词之间是主动关系。所以overtook变成现在分词的形式，那么这句话就合并为：The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980...

合并之后的句子既简洁，也能够符合欧美人的表达习惯，考官当然就会欣然给分。类似的表达方式还可以在很多的考官范文找到例证。有的同学可能会问，如果并列句的主语不一样呢?

e.g.《剑8》Test 1 These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having a much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation.

在这句话中，两个简单句主语不一样，考官采用了独立主格的方式，将想要置于从属地位的简单句主语保留，动词主动关系就变成了现在分词，然后加上了with，让原本的并列句马上显的高大上，得分自然也就高大上了。

5 主语多样化

以上的这些改换句式的方式可以很好的起到避免句式重复的方式，但是如果满篇都是不同复合句的堆砌，多少会显的文章过于矫情，这个时候变换简单句就能很好的起到调节的作用。变换简单句最直接的方式就是变换主语。英文的主语不同重点也会发生变化，所以能够有效的起到避免重复的作用。最常用的变化主语就是there be句型。

e.g.《剑5》Test 1 A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan.

在这个例句中，考官使用了被动语态，并且用了上升的名词形式做了主语，使得简单句也变得“不简单”了。同样的用法还出现在考官的其他范文中。

e.g.《剑9》Test 2 This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2000.

最后一个可以当做替换主语的是常常被忽略的时间段。比如说1989到2000这一段时间内见证了一个急剧的上升，这句话就可以写成“The period of 1989 and 2000 witnessed a sharp increase.” 这样的话就可以避免了常规的“上升”句式了。

以上的一些小技巧在考官的范文中都多有出现，它们可以有效的避免句式的重复，在语法这一个方面达到一些提分的目的。希望同学们能够多多练习，达到灵活运用各类句型。文章长短句交错，每句话的形式结构恰到好处，为合理传递信息表达思想而服务。让小作文在内容和语言方面都能绽放光彩。

雅思写作8.5分，让你怀疑人生的写作小技巧

我们今天来看很多人每天都在用的苹果手机中原汁原味的美式英语。

大家应该都知道苹果的浏览器。但是safari一词到底是什么意思?

大家如果去搜一下图片，出来是上面这样的。

大家如果去查一下Cambridge Dictionary

解释是这样的：

an organized journey to look at, or sometimes hunt, wild animals, especially in Africa.

看来当年乔布斯的团队选名字还是非常有意思的，找一个表示“观赏或者捕猎野生动物的旅行(尤其是在非洲)”来做搜索器的名字。

说了那么多，这个生活中的美词，怎么用到雅思写作中呢?

我们来看一道2016年的写作真题：

当大家都在说see all kinds of views或者broaden one’s horizons的时候，我们可以说go on safari in Africa，是不是感觉很不一样?

接下来我们看一下现在所有人都非常关注的健康问题

先来看一个题目：

In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness are decreasing.

What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measures could be taken to solve them?(剑桥雅思8第四套真题 )

这个题目并不难，但是怎么来组织语言呢?

我们来看Health这个App里面具体的advice:

1现代人类最大的问题就是坐得太多，动得太少，所以sit less, move more and get some exercise这条建议还是非常好的，用词虽然不难，但是有一种简约美。

除了exercise之外，还可以用什么词来表示“运动”呢?我们来看下App上的一个词汇

注意这里用了workouts，也就是workout这里做名词，在Cambridge Dictionary中的解释是：a period of physical exercise。比如“固定每天健身房的锻炼”可以说：a daily workout in the gym.

那么，如果我们把workout拆开呢?

就变成了一个非常高大上的phrasal verb(动词段落)-work out，比如“人们需要在健身房每周锻炼2-3次”我们可以说：people should work out in the gym two or three times a week.

除了这些之外，大家在界面上还会看到一个标记，叫cal。

其实就是大家都并不陌生的“卡路里”-calories。

写作中，我们可以说people can lose some weight by exercising, 我们还可以说：people can burn off calories by working out in the gym。

2要保持健康，除了运动，饮食才是根源问题，我们来看看Health App中的第二条advice :

Junk food相信大家并不陌生，但是这里出现的real food又是什么呢? 或许一张图片可以帮助大家更好地理解：

和添加了各种佐料，深度加工的垃圾食品(junk food)相比，我们可以把real food理解为“绿色有机食物“。

So，those who want to keep fit and healthy are advised to eat more real food.

3当然了，也有人说，我运动很多，吃得也很健康，但是为什么感觉还是各种不舒服呢?那么很有可能不是你的“身”(physical)出了问题，而是“心”(mental)出了问题。我们来看下第3条advice:

我们这里看到了三条可以供大家参考的tips:

静心：quiet一词用得非常妙，一般它都是做形容词，这里用了动词形式

放松身体

活在当下：forget the past and don’t worry too much about the future

雅思写作：购物与金钱话题经常使用的英文短语&句型

disposable income

可支配收入

例句

Since they don't have any children and their rent is very cheap, they've a lot of disposable income.

由于他们没有孩子而且房租也非常便宜，所以他们手头可支配的收入相当宽裕。

常用的联想短语或句型

>> conspicuous consumption

=buying expensive things to show people how rich someone is

大手大脚的消费

例句

Many people believe that conspicuous consumption is an antisocial behaviour.

很多人认为大手大脚的消费是一种对社会有害的行为。

>> levy a tax on...

= officially request payment of a tax

(政府)对......征税

例句

A new tax has been levied an cigarettes.

政府开始征收一项新的香烟税。

be economical

经济实用的，节省开支的

例句

A small family car is more economical than a large car.

一辆小的家用汽车比大型汽车要经济些。

常见的近义短语或句型

>> be cost-effective

=be economical in terms of the services received for the money spent

物有所值的

例句

We need a cost-effective solution to the problem.

我们需要找出一个能解决这个问题的高性价比解决方案。

>> be penny-wise and pound-foolish

= be extremely careful about small amounts of money but not careful enough about larger amounts

贪图小利吃大亏

例句

These education budget cuts are really penny-wise and pound-foolish.

这份削减教育预算的决议实在是贪小便宜吃大亏。

a source of income

收入来源

例句

Edward does not have any other source of income apart from his job

除了他的工作，爱德华没有其他的收入来源了。

常用联想短语或句型

>> scrimp and save to do sth.

=spend very little money because you want to save it to buy sth. expensive

(为了将来进行某种很高的消费而) 省吃俭用

例句

They had to scrimp and save to pay for the holiday.

他们为了假期省吃俭用。

>> belong to sb.

= be owned by sb.

属于某人的财物

例句

If you take things belonging to the company without permission, you will face disciplinary action.

如果你未经许可拿走公司财物。

make ends meet

勉强保持收支平衡

例句

My wages were so low I had to take a side job just to make ends meet.

我的工资实在是太低了，我还得千另外一份兼职才能勉强保持收支平衡。

常用联想短语或句型

>> be broke

= be completely without money

身无分文(请注意这个意思不能说成be broken)

例句

I'm always broke by the end of the month.

我每个月都是月光族。

>> abject poverty

= extreme poverty

极端的贫困

例句

Over a billion people are still living in abject poverty and each year, over six millionchildren die as a result of malnutrition.

有超过10亿的人还生活在极端的贫困之中，而且每年有600万的儿童死于营养不良。

the cost of living

生活开支

例句

If you are a student planning on moving to London, one important consideration will be the cost of living there.

如果你是一名正准备搬到伦敦的学生，那么你必须要考虑好生活成本的问题。

常用的联想短语或句型

>> standard of living

= the type of lice that a person or society has

生活水平，生活标准

例句

Britain has a varied standard of living, from the very affordable to the really expensive.

从极易达到的到非常昂贵的,英国有着多样化的生活标准。

>> receipt

= a document that you get from someone showing that you have given them money

收据

例句

If you return wanted shoes straightaway , with a receipt，the shop will probably give you a refund.

如果你退回不想购买的鞋并附有收据，商店很可能会给你退款。

cost sb. a fortune

让某人花了很多钱

例句

A tank of petrol can cost you a fortune these days.

加满一箱汽油要花费你一笔不菲的钱。

常见近义短语或句型

>> The bill for...is exorbitant.

= being very expensive

某物过于昂贵

例句

The bill for dinner in that restaurant is exorbitant.

那家餐馆的餐费实在是太昂贵了。

>> prohibitively high prices

= prices that are so high they prevent people from buying sth.

过于高昂的价格

例句

Apart from the prohibitively high medicine prices, the cost of maintaining medical equipment is rising as well.

除了过于高昂的医疗费用，对医疗器械的维护费用也同样上涨了。

常见反义短语或句型

>> be free of charge

= cost nothing

完全免费的

例句

You can buy two and pay for just one一the other is free of charge.

这件商品是买一送一的，赠品完全免费。

>> make a fortune

= earn a very large amount of money

发财

例句

Even if you don't make a fortune from this herb, there are few sights more attractive than a field of purple coneflowers.

即使你不靠这些草药发财，也很少会有比一望无际的紫色金花菊更吸引人的美景了。

the haves and the have-nots

有钱人与穷人的总称

例句

Unfortunately, the gap between the haves and the have-nots has been widening.

不幸的是，贫富之间的鸿沟正在不断加宽。

常用联想短语或句型

>> accumulate wealth

= collect a large amount of money over a long period of time

聚积财富

例句

Benjamin accumulated much of his wealth through real estate investment.

本杰明通过投资房地产积累了很多财富。

a status symbol

身份与地位的标志

例句

Green cars are considered status symbols these days.

环保汽车如今被看做是身份的象征。

常用联想短语或句型

>> luxury goods

goods for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises

奢侈品

例句

Expensive clothes and accessories are considered luxury goods.

昂贵的衣服和首饰被认为是奢侈品。

>> commodity

= sth. that can be bought and sold

商品的较正式说法

例句

Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities where food supplies were a constant concern.

由于食品供应一直令人担忧，在不断发展的城镇中鱼是一种极为重要的商品。

be acquisitive

总想索取的，贪得无厌的

例句

She's an acquisitive person，always wanting to gain and possess new things.

她是一个贪得无厌的人，总是想着去占有新的东西。

常用联想短语或句型

>> vanity

= being too interested in someone's own abilities or appearance

虚荣心，自负

例句

Reece wants the job purely for the reason of vanity.

瑞斯纯粹是出于虚荣才想得到那份工作的。

tighten one's belt

节省开支

例句

Joel had to tighten his belt since he lost his job.

因为丢了工作，乔尔要开始勒紧裤腰带生活了。

常见近义短语或句型

>> do sth. on a shoe string

= do sth. using very little money

花很少的钱去做某事

例句

This business is run on a shoestring.

这份生意是在精打细算的条件下完成的。

cannot afford sth.

买不起某物

例句

They can't afford such expensive holidays.

他们承担不起如此昂贵的假期旅行。

常用联想短语或句型

>> be beyond sb. 's means

= be too expensive for sb.

超过了某人的消费能力

例句

The medical charges are beyond the means of needy families.

对于那些需要帮助的家庭来说，昂贵的医疗费用只能让他们望洋兴叹。

be dirt-cheap

非常便宜的

例句

The hotel we stayed in was dirt-cheap, but our room was very nice.

虽然我们入住的酒店十分便宜，但房间环境却非常好。

常见近义短语或句型

>> a bargain

= a hover-than-usual price

很便宜的

例句

These shoes are a bargain at just 15 pounds.

这些低价鞋只卖15镑。

常用联想短语或句型

>> be undervalued

= be considered to be worth less than sth. really is

价值被低估的

例句

Smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.

嗅觉大概是在很多文化中最被低估的一种感官。

go on a shopping spree

疯狂购物

例句

Rasie went on a shopping spree this weekend.

露丝这周末去商场大血拼了。

常见反义短语或句型

>> window-shopping

= the activity of looking at things in shop windows but not buying anything

只着橱窗但不购买

例句

Window-shopping is fun for some and frustrating for others.光看不买的行为对一些人来说是种乐趣，而对另一些人来说则十分讨厌了。

keep track of sth.

掌握某事物的动向

例句

Scarlett found it hard to keep track of her expenses.

斯嘉丽发觉要找出她把钱都花在哪儿了可真是一件困难的事。

常见反义短语或句型

>> loss track of sth.

= fail to keep track of sth.

失去对某事物动向的了解

例句

Kaya never lost track of her favourite celebrities.

凯亚对她最崇拜的偶像从来都是了如指掌。

fall short

不够，缺少

例句

We tried to raise eighty thousand pounds，but unfortunately we fell short by about ten thousand.

我们计划募集到80,000英镑的款额，但不幸的是，最终我们差了大约10,000镑。

常用联想短语或句型

>> fall short of one's expectations

= is disappointing to someone

未能达到某人的期望

例句

He kept falling short of my expectations.

他总是达不到我对他的期望。

Only... won't balk at this price.

只有..才不会对这种价格望而却步

例句

Only well-heeled business people won't balk at this price, especially when buyers can get just 3 hours of battery life.

只有(非常富有的人)才不会对这种价格望而却步，尤其是这个产品只有3个小时的电池寿命。

常见近义短语或句型

>> a prohihitive price

= a price that is too high for the average people

价格过于高昂的

例句

The price of land in London is prohibtive.

伦敦的地价过于高昂。

covet sth.

非常希望得到(别人已经拥有的东西)

例句

The laptop looks pretty cool and this is the closest I've ever got to actually coveting a Dell laptop.

这款笔记本电脑看起来非常不错，这回我真是头一次想拥有一台戴尔电脑。

常用联想规语或句型

>> envy sb.

= want very much to do sth. that sb. else does

羡慕某人

例句

I envy people who are always optimistic.

我很羡慕那些始终保持乐观的人。

financial support

财务上的支持

例句

The UN provided financial support to the refugees.

联合国为难民提供经济援助。

常见近义短语或句型

>> financial aid

= money that an organisation or a government gives to a country or an area

经济援助

例句

Some people believe that the government should spend less on overseas financial aid.

一些人认为政府应该减少在海外援助上的支出。

常用联想短语或句型

>> financial issue

= financial subject that people discuss

有关财务或财政的议题

例句

Financial issues are critical to the goverment.

财政问题对于政府而言很关键。

keep up with the Joneses

与他人去攀比

例句

This society has been having a "keeping up with the Joneses" complex for years and now it's crashing down around its people.

这个社会一直有着互相攀比的积习，并且现在人们已经在饱尝这种恶习的后果了。

常用联想短语或句型

>> peer pressure

= the influence other people of your age have on the way you behave

来自于同辈人的压力

例句

Peer pressure can be very disorienting for children.

来自于同辈的压力很容易让孩子们迷失方向。