托福考试词汇是基础，这点大家烂熟于心，今天小编给大家带来了分享托福写作中的经典词汇，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

分享托福写作中的经典词汇

At First 起初

After A While 一会儿

After That 那以后

After That 那以后

After/Before Dark 天黑后/前

Afterward 后来

As A Young Man 当…是个年轻人的时候

As Early As 早……的时候

As Soon As 一……就……

At Last 终于

At The Age Of…… 在……岁的时候

Before, The Other Day 几天前

Earlier, Until Now 直到现在

Early In The Morning 大清早

Eventually 最终

Finally 最后

Immediately 立即、马上

In No Time 不一会儿

In The End 最后

Lately 近来

Later 后来

Meanwhile=In The Meantime=At The Same Time 在此期间、同时

Next 接下来

One Afternoon 一天下午

One Day 有一天

One Morning 一天早晨

Recently 最近

Since Then 自从那时起

Soon 不久

Soon/Shortly After ……之后不久

Suddenly=All Of A Sudden 突然

Then 然后

To Begin/Start With=In The First Place 首先、第一点

托福语法：独立分词结构(1)

一、“with+名词(短语)+分词”结构

最近我看到一篇文章，题目是“手机打破社会禁忌”(Mobile phones breaks social taboos)，讲的是手机对人们生活礼仪的改变起到了不好的作用。比如说到准时赴约的问题，英国的一项调查显示，越来越多的人认为，约会迟到并不算失礼，只要给先到者打电话说一声就行。对于每星期累计让同事或朋友等候47.2分钟，每年累计等候37.8小时，很多受访者都认为这并不算过分。在2000名受访者中，将近40%的人认为，现在守时已不如过去那么重要了，因为就算晚几分钟，也可以用手机通知对方。超过四分之一的人坦言，与朋友和家人见面时，他们并不按时离家赴约，因为晚了还可以打个电话说抱歉，或者发条短信了事。5个人中就有一个承认，曾经在最近的一次约会中迟到。三分之一的受访者认为，让朋友等20分钟是可以的。可是，这种拖拉的现象已经蔓延到了社交之外。受访者中有十分之一的人承认，他们在找工作面试的时候都曾经迟到。

调查还显示，伦敦是最不守时的城市，有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时，而在全英国，这样的人占28%。卡迪夫是最守时的城市，只有19.8%的受访者说他们总是迟到。

曼切斯特都市大学的社会心理学家戴维霍姆斯说：“良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节，新的一代都认为迟到很正常，不是应该避免的失礼行为。”他还说：“手机打破了很多社会禁忌，人们在交谈中接听手机，或者在如厕时大聊特聊。这又一次证明现代科技对我们的行为产生了影响。”

London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent. Cardiff was the most punctual city where 19.8 per cent stated that they were typically late.

David Holmes, a social psychologist at Manchester Metropolitan University, said: “Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.”

“Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet. This again demonstrates the effect modern technology has on our behavior.”

我们看到，在上面短文里有这样三个分词短语：

(1). with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time…

(2). with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.

(3). with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet.

而且它们有这样的共同结构：介词with +名词短语 + 分词。这是英文里非常重要的一个结构，就是常说的“独立主格结构”的一种，因为是由分词构成的，所以也叫“独立分词结构”。这种结构主要是用作状语，它可以表达的意义主要有两类：一是表示伴随状况、补充说明、具体举例等;二是表示原因。下面具体说明。

二、表示补充说明等

我们先来看上述短文中的例句：

(4). London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent.

妙语点睛：

这句话的主句部分说“London was found to be the least punctual city(伦敦是最不守时的城市)”，接下来就采用了独立分词结构“with 41 percent of respondents admitting…”来为这一结论提供数据支持，即分词短语起着补充主句的作用。

精品译文：

伦敦是最不守时的城市，有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时，而在全英国，这样的人占28%。

我们再来看下面的例句：

(5). When asked, “Do you consider yourself an optimistic or pessimistic person?”, 53 per cent of the students replied, “optimistic,” with 21 per cent choosing “pessimistic,” and 26 per cent “unsure”.

妙语点睛：

这句话的主句部分是说明“乐观”的人数，通过独立分词结构“with 21 per cent choosing “pessimistic,” and 26 per cent “unsure”.”来补充说明剩下的人的选择。

精品译文：

当问道“你觉得自己是乐观的人还是悲观的人”时，53%的学生回答了“乐观”，而有21%的人选择了“悲观”，剩下26%的人则回答“不确定”。

托福语法：独立分词结构(2)

一、独立分词结构与状语从句

我们都知道，分词是英语里很重要的一种连词成句的手段(其他的手段还有介词和连词)，独立分词结构作为分词的一种特殊结构，在英语造句方面也起着重要作用。对于这一重要造句规则，有很多读者来信提问，他们往往不明白为什么会有独立分词结构这样的造句规则。要回答这个问题，首先，我们要明白，独立分词结构在句中都是用作状语，可以表示各种意义，比如表达时间、原因、让步等等。因此，独立分词结构与状语从句有着密切联系。下面我就通过比较独立分词结构和状语从句，来分析独立分词结构的由来。请比较下面例句：

(1). a. As so many directors were absent, the board meeting had to be put off.

b. So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.

妙语点睛：

在a句中，使用了一个由as引导的原因状语从句;在b句中，使用的是“名词(so many directors)+分词(being absent)”这样的独立分词结构。所以，我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个原因状语从句。这里名词短语“so many directors”是分词短语的逻辑主语，句子主语是“the board meeting”。这里b句是2000年一道四级考题，原题是“So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off”，四个备选项是：A. were absent, B. being absent, C. been absent, D. had been absent。有读者会问：这里为什么不用谓语动词were absent或had been absent?而要用非谓语动词being absent这样分词形式?这里因为逗号“，”后边已经有了一个完整的陈述句“the board meeting had to be put off”，又因为英语里逗号不能连接两个句子的，所以逗号前面只能是短语的形式，故要用分词短语being absent，而不是谓语were absent或had been absent。以下例句中b句均由于此原因而采用了分词形式。

精品译文：

由于有很多董事缺席，所以董事会只好延期举行。

(2). a. When the machine malfunctioned, the worker called someone to fix it.

b. The machine malfunctioning, the worker called someone to fix it.

妙语点睛：

在a句中，使用了一个由when引导的时间状语从句;在b句中，使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(malfunctioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以，我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个时间从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。

精品译文：

机器出故障之后，这位工人找了人来修。

(3). a. Although the machine still functioned, we didn’t think it was practical to use.

b. The machine still functioning, we didn’t think it was practical to use.

妙语点睛：

在a句中，使用了一个由although引导的让步状语从句;在b句中，使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(functioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以，我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个让步状语从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。

精品译文：

尽管该机器还能运转，但是我们认为它已不适用了。

从以上例句，我们可以看出，独立分词结构与各种状语从句有密切关系，或者可以说，采用分词短语，是简化状语从句的一种手段。

二、独立分词结构的连句功能

当然，分词的连句功能不仅是体现在与状语从句的关系上面，还表现在其他方面，此时分词短语并不对应于某一个状语从句。请看例句：

(4). a. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions. Karen only makes the small ones.

b. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, while Karen only makes the small ones.

c. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, Karen only making the small ones.

妙语点睛：

我们看到，这里a句是两个独立的陈述句，但由于两句在逻辑意思上有对照关系，所以我们可以用连词while连接，于是有了b句。而这种对照关系，我们可以通过分词短语表达出来，所以，我们可以进一步将其改写成c句。我们看到，这里的分词短语并没有对应于某个状语从句。这里，分词短语“Karen only making the small ones”即是一个独立分词结构，其逻辑主语是“Karen”，而句子的主语是“Karen’s boos”。

精品译文：

所有重大决策都是由Karen的老板做出，而Karen只是做一些不重要的决策。

(5). Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects, the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province.

妙语点睛：

这是一篇人物传记里的一段话，是写一名画家的文章。这个句子分为两部分，“Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects”，这是一个简单句，谓语是reflect。另一部分“the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province”，这是一个独立分词结构：逻辑主语是the emphasis，分词being，因为这里逗号不能分割两个独立的句子，所以后边用了being，而不是谓语is。另外，这里emphasis和上文中observations是呼应的，是说在他“考察”Chinese people's lives时，重点是放在the countryside lifestyles of ....。这里独立分词结构表示强调说明。

精品译文：

他大多数作品是反映了他对中国人民生活方方面面的观察，尤其是中国农村生活方式的观察，这包括陕西及云南中滇藏民的生活方式。

以上我们讨论的句子，都是既可以采用分词短语也可以使用独立分句。下面我们来看看有些句子不便用简单陈述句，而要用独立分词结构。

(6). His nose bleeding and his hands shaking, he left the theater.

妙语点睛：

这里独立分词结构“His nose bleeding and his hands shaking”是表示“他”离开剧院时的状态，称之为伴随状语，修饰动词left，即是伴随left同时进行的动作或状态。此时，我们不便将其改成两个独立句子，比如：His nose was bleeding and his hands were shaking. He left the theater.这样一改写，前后两个句子关系非常松散，且不明确。或者我们通过加词这样说：He left the theater like that.当然，这显然没有独立分词结构来得简单、明了。

精品译文：

他离开剧院时，鼻子留着血，双手也在颤抖。

(7). “No, I can’t accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied, his eyes blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills.

妙语点睛：

这里独立分词结构“his eyes blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills”是表示“他”在回答时的状态，同样是伴随状语，修饰动词replied，即是伴随replied同时进行的动作或状态。此时，我们要想将其改成两个独立句子，此能加一些词这样说：“No, I can’t accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied. His eyes were blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills as he uttered the words.即这里我们加了一个从句“as he uttered the words”才能表达出分词所要传达的伴随逻辑关系。显然，不用分词结构使句子变得复杂。

精品译文：

“不，我不能接受这些工钱”，说这话时，这位苏格兰农夫眨眼看着这些陌生的日元钞票。

综上所述，我们看到，采用独立分词结构，可以使句子变得精炼、紧凑，这也是往往在书面语里多使用分词结构的原因。本期讨论的是“名词+分词”这样的分词结构作状语，上一期讨论的是“with+名词+分词”这样结构作状语。分词作状语还有第三种结构，即直接用分词作状语，分词前面没有名词出现，这是一种更常见的分词结构，我们在下期详细讨论。

托福PPTest2语法题笔记篇

PP Test 2 语法题笔记

Test 2 1~40

1. Sand is formed by the weathering and decomposition of all types of rock, _________ most abundant mineral constituent being quartz.

A. and its

B. since its

C. its

D. it is

答案：C

分析及考点：独立主格结构。后面句子没有谓语，所以不用连词，A，B错，D形成句子跟主句间又没有连词，且与being冲突。

参考译文：沙子是由各种各样的石头风化和分解而形成的，它含量最多的矿物质是石英。

2. _________ in the daytime for most of the year, the groundhog hibernates in a burrow during winter.

A. Is active

B. That it is active

C. Active

D. While is active

答案：C

分析及考点：考状语的省略结构。全句的主语是groundhog，谓语hibernates。A谓语不能单独存在。B that it is错误结构。D缺从句主语。

参考译文：土拨鼠一年中很多时候在白天都很活跃，到了冬天就在地洞中冬眠了。

3. The wood of elm trees is used in shipbuilding and in _________ barrels, furniture, flooring, and sporting goods.

A. to make

B. as made

C. making

D. to have made

答案：C

分析及考点：and连接两个对称的结构，且介词后面应该跟动名词。

参考译文：榆树的木头用于造船和桶、家具、地板和运动器材的制作。

4. In 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, and in 1958 _________ the forty-ninth state.

A. Alaska’s becoming

B. Alaska became

C. when Alaska became

D. Alaska to become

答案：B

分析及考点：and连接对称结构前后都是完整句子。

参考译文：1867年俄国把阿拉斯加卖给了美国，而阿拉斯加在1958年成为美国的第49个州。

5. Almost _________ countries use the decimal system.

A. all

B. all of

C. all of which

D. of all

答案：A

分析及考点：all和all of的用法。泛指的时候用all，特指复数用all of。

参考译文：几乎所有的国家都用十进制系统。

6. _______ allows the skin and thus the body to be cooled.

A. Sweat evaporates

B. When sweat evaporates

C. Sweat, the evaporation of which

D. The evaporation of sweat

答案：D

分析及考点：句子缺主语，allows是谓语。所以A,B错。C中的sweat 和evaporation不形成同位语结构，而且of which不存在的定语从句结构。

参考译文：汗的蒸发使得皮肤继而是躯体变凉。

7. Activities such as writing down notes will generally lead to faster learning _________just listening to or reading facts.

A. than

B. than is

C. whereas

D. in that

答案：A

分析及考点：比较结构极其特点。

参考译文：象记笔记的做法一般比仅仅听或读现象能导致更快的学习。

8. The Dallas Civic Opera has earned _________ since its initial production debuted in 1957.

A. an international reputation and

B. an international reputation was

C. what an international reputation

D. an international reputation

答案：D

分析及考点：动词earn的用法，及物动词直接跟名词宾语和名词宾语补足语。Since这里是从句。A中and不存在对称结构。B中was使句子形成两个谓语。C中不构成what从句。

参考译文：Dallas Civic Opera自从它1957年首次开张以来，一直享有国际性声誉。

9. Born in Akron, Ohio, in 1846, Henry Eugene Abbey became the ________ of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City in 1883.

A. first manager was

B. first manager

C. manager who first

D. manager was the first

答案：B

分析及考点：介词短语结构。Of前面加名词。

参考译文：1846年在Akron, Ohio出生，Henry Eugene Abbey1883年成为在纽约的Metropolitan Opera House的第一任主管。

10. A covered bridge is built of wooden timbers _________ supporting trusses and a floor and are protected from weather by a roof.

A. when form

B. so form

C. form

D. that form

答案：D

分析及考点：定语从句。Form是动词谓语，所以要么有从句，要么是并列结构，A的话从句没有主语。

参考译文：有屋顶的桥是用木料建造的，木料建成支持框架和地板，并有一个屋顶使其避免受恶劣天气影响。

11. Although _________ with herons or storks, cranes are distinguished from these birds by bare red areas or ornamental plumes on their heads.

A. they are often confused

B. how often they are confused

C. that they are confused often

D. are they confused often

答案：A

分析及考点：状语从句。词序正常。主谓清楚。

参考译文：尽管鹤经常会被混淆成苍鹭或鹳，他们还是能通过头顶的裸露的红色区域或装饰羽毛跟那些鸟区分开来。

12. More battles were fought in South Carolina _________ in any other state during the American Revolution.

A. as

B. although

C. than

D. but

答案：C

分析及考点：比较级。

参考译文：美国革命中在南卡罗来那州发生的战斗比其他各州都要多。

13. Cotton is grown throughout the world, and _________ year about 50 million bales, weighing nearly 500 pounds apiece, are produced.

A. each

B. a

C. by a

D. in which

答案：A

分析及考点：每个。。的表示。

参考译文：棉花生长在全世界各地，每年生产有大约5千万捆，每捆重近500磅的棉花。

14. Based on a device used in naval vessels, the automatic pilot contains gyroscopes _________ references for an airplane’s course.

A. provides

B. that provide

C. that providing

D. and to provide

答案：B

分析及考点：定语从句。

参考译文：根据用于海军舰船上的设备，自动航行系统包括为飞机课程提供参考的陀螺仪，

15. American Sign Language contains over 4,000 signs _________ is used by over half a million people.

A. and

B. although

C. whenever

D. also

答案：A

分析及考点：前后部分形成对称结构，用and。

参考译文：美国标记术语包括4千多个标记符号，有超过50万人在使用。

16. _________ founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its president until 1904.

A. Clara Barton, who

B. Although Clara Barton

C. It was Clara Barton

D. Clara Barton

答案：D

分析及考点：句子缺主语，and连接对称结构。

参考译文：Clara Barton在1881年创建了美国红十字会，并担任了会长直到1904年。

17. _________ two air masses with different characteristics meet, an area called a “front” develops.

A. What

B. There are

C. When

D. Being

答案：C

分析及考点：主句在后半部分。A中what不形成引导从句，B形成主句而不是从句。D跟动词meet矛盾。C形成正确的状语从句。

参考译文：当两种有不同特性的气团相遇的时候，一个成为“前区”的区域形成了。

18. Today’s farmers use irrigation, fertilizers, large machines, and other technology _________ high crop yields.

A. in the production

B. for production

C. to produce

D. produce

答案：C

分析及考点：动词use的用法，use sth to do sth。不定式表目的。

参考译文：现今的农民使用灌溉、施肥、大型机器和其他技术来产生高的作物产量。

19. ________ served as secretary of war under the Articles of Confederation and also, in George Washington’s administration, under the United States Constitution.

A. When Henry Knox

B. It was Henry Knox

C. Henry Knox

D. Henry Knox, who

答案：C

分析及考点：句子缺主语。D中who不形成定语从句。

参考译文：Henry Knox供职为战争秘书，在联邦条款和乔治华盛顿管理的美国宪法的领导下。

20. The course of the Missouri River marks the ________ of continental glaciation.

A. approximate southern limit

B. limited, approximately southern

C. southern limit and approximately

D. limit that approximately southern

答案：A

分析及考点：介词of 结构中前面主体是名词。Limit是名词

参考译文：密苏里河的行进路线标注了大陆冰河作用南部的大致边界。

21. About three-quarters of the state of Indiana is covered by _________.

A. which farmland

B. such farmland is there

C. farmland

D. it is farmland

答案：C

分析及考点：介词后面直接跟名词

参考译文：印第安纳州大约3/4是农场。

22. Also called the painted cup, the Indian paintbrush gives forth tiny flowers that are mostly green, while ________ brightly colored.

A. its leaves

B. it leaves being

C. are its leaves

D. its leaves are

答案：D

分析及考点：while引导的句子缺主谓。

参考译文：印第安人的画笔，也被称为着色的杯子，描绘的小花大多是绿色的，花的叶子会被明亮的着色。

23. _________ 70 species of cockroaches in the United States.

A. Since about

B. Are about

C. About

D. There are about

答案：D

分析及考点：句子缺主谓。

参考译文：美国有大约70中蟑螂。

24. ______ difficult to achieve centrifugal forces thousands of times as great as the force of gravity.

A. There is not

B. While not

C. What is not

D. It is not

答案：D

分析及考点：形式主语结构。It是句子中不定式的形式主语。

参考译文：实现等于重力千万倍的离心力不是很难。

25. In the early nineteenth century a Conestoga wagon on a poor road could economically _________ light, fairly high-value goods over short distances.

A. only while carrying

B. carry only

C. it was only to carry

D. only carrying its

答案：B

分析及考点：句子缺谓语。情态动词后面跟动词原形。

参考译文：在早期19世纪，马拉的棚车在条件很差的道路上只能经济的短途运输轻的、相对价值高的货物。

26. The solid-bodied electric guitar mixes and amplifies vibrations from microphone contacts at different points _________ a range of tone qualities.

A. produce

B. to produce

C. a production

D. and producing

答案：B

分析及考点：不定式做目的状语。

参考译文：结实形体的电吉他把在各个不同点接触的振动从麦克风里混合和放大出来。

27. While the term “harmony” suggests a pleasant or agreeable sound, it is applied to any combination of notes, _________ consonant or dissonant.

A. which

B. such

C. neither

D. whether

答案：D

分析及考点：whether or not的变体。无论、不管。。。的意思

参考译文：术语“和弦”表现的是一个舒适和令人愉悦的声音。它适用于任何乐章的混合，无论协调或不协调的。

28. Most meteorites are thought to be fragments from asteroids, _________ some may be pieces from the heads of comets.

A. despite

B. either

C. although

D. but if

答案：C

分析及考点：表让步关系连词，用although连接前后两个句子。

参考译文：大多数陨石被认为是小行星的碎片，尽管有一些可能是来自彗星头的碎片。

29. Penicillin, ________, kills a broad spectrum of bacteria, many of which cause disease in humans.

A. the first antibiotic to be discovered

B. when the first antibiotic to be discovered

C. the first antibiotic that discovered

D. was the first antibiotic to be discovered

答案：A

分析及考点：主语同位语结构。名词性短语。

参考译文：盘尼西林，最早被发现的抗生素，能杀死广谱细菌。那些细菌很多能使人类生病。

30. Action painting emphasizes the physical act of applying paint to canvas, rather _________ picture as a finished work of art.

A. the

B. from the

C. than the

D. is the

答案：C

分析及考点：rather than固定搭配。

参考译文：行为画派强调的是肢体动作在帆布上运用油墨的过程，而不是已完成的画面本身。

31. Contrary to popular belief, the basic instruments of the old jazz bands were not saxophones, _________ cornets and trumpets.

A. or not

B. but

C. instead

D. neither

答案：B

分析及考点：平行对称的一个固定结构not ..but

参考译文：跟普遍的认识相反，传统爵士乐队的基本乐器不是萨克斯，而是短号和小号。

32. _____ vary greatly in shape and form, depending upon both the growth pattern and the arrangement of polyps within the colony.

A. Since coral colonies

B. Coral colonies that

C. Coral colonies, although they

D. Coral colonies

答案：D

分析及考点：主句缺主语。

参考译文：根据生长形式和珊瑚虫的排列，珊瑚礁在形状和构成上变化很大，

33. The transition element cadmium is placed below zinc and above mercury in the periodic table, _______ many properties in common with these elements.

A. and its

B. and having

C. and it has

D. and

答案：C

分析及考点：and连接的平行对称结构。后面跟完整的句子。

参考译文：在元素周期表中，过渡元素镉放在锌的后面和汞的前面，它有很多特性跟这些元素相似。

34. The covered wagons known as Conestogas were primarily used _________ of freight across the prairies of the United States.

A. heavy loads were carried

B. to carry heavy loads

C. the carrying of heavy loads

D. in heavy loads carrying

答案：B

分析及考点：动词use的用法，加不定式表目的。

参考译文：闻名的conestogas有盖马车在横跨美国的大草原上主要用于运输重型货物。

35. The outstanding feature of copper and the other metals of Group IB in the Periodic Table is _________ chemical attack.

A. resists

B. to resisting

C. their resistance to

D. by resistance

答案：C

分析及考点：A动词错。B不定式跟动名词错。D，by作为手段应加动名词。C针对。。的攻击，用介词to。

参考译文：元素周期表中铜和IB组中其他金属的突出特性是他们对化学侵蚀的抵抗能力。

36. When _______ with atmospheric particles, they create many types of secondary particles, including positrons, mesons, and hyperons.

A. the collision of primary cosmic rays

B. primary cosmic rays collide

C. primary cosmic rays colliding

D. do primary cosmic rays collide

答案：B

分析及考点：状语从句中，缺主谓。语义上collide应该是动作。

参考译文：当主要的宇宙射线跟大气颗粒相撞，产生很多种中级的颗粒，包括正电子，介子和重核子。

37. A common way to produce x-rays is _________ electrons into a copper target.

A. fires

B. fired

C. by firing

D. how to fire

答案：C

分析及考点：以。。。的手段用by doing sth。

参考译文：通常产生X射线的方法是把电子激发到铜做的目标上。

38. _________ in 1800, Middlebury College is the oldest college in Vermont.

A. Opened

B. Opened it

C. The opening

D. There was open

答案：A

分析及考点：分词省略结构。逻辑主语是被动状态，所以用过去分词。

参考译文：Middlebury College创建于1800，是Vermont州最老的学院，

39. Lizette Woodworth Reese’s best-known poem is the sonnet “Tears,” _________ in 1899 in Scribner’s Magazine.

A. to publish

B. published

C. to publish it

D. was published

答案：B

分析及考点：分词省略结构。

参考译文：Lizette Woodworth Reese最著名的诗是1899年在Scribner’s 杂志发行的十四行诗“眼泪”。

40. During the Revolutionary War, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was the capital of the United States for one day in 1777, _________ there.

A. was when the Continental Congress stopped

B. when did the Continental Congress stop

C. the Continental Congress when it stopped

D. when the Continental Congress stopped

答案：D

分析及考点：状语从句。词序正常。

参考译文：在独立战争期间，宾夕法尼亚的Lancaster在1777年曾作为一天美国的首都，当时的大陆议会曾在那里停留。