英语托福考试阅读试题

Question 1－8

Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War，with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation，manufacturing，and trade and distribution。The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed，volume，and regularity of shipments and communications，making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods。

In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation‘s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them。In manufacturing，the transformation was marked by the emergence of a new factory systemin which plants became larger，more complex，and more systematically organized and managed。And in distribution，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber，the wholesaler，and the mass retailer。These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870and 1920。

To be sure，there were still small workshops，where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures。There were the sweatshops in city tenements，where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothingorcigars on a piecework basis。And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single buildings。But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2。7million in 1880to 4。5million in 1900to 8。4million in 1920，the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned，as did the size of the average plant。（The Baldwin Works had 600employees in 1855，3，000in 1875，and 8，000in 1900。）By 1920，at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation‘s manufacturing wage earners were concentrated，three－quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100employees and 30percent worked in factories with more than 1，000employees。

1。The word domainsin line 3is closest in meaning to（A）fields

（B）locations

（C）organizations

（D）occupations

2。What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War？

（A）New technological developments had little effect on farmers。

（B）The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined。

（C）Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war。

（D）Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation。

3。The word fundamentalin line 7is closest in meaning to

（A）possible

（B）basic

（C）gradual

（D）unique